tslp  (R&D Systems)

Journal: The Journal of Biological Chemistry

Article Title: RNA-binding protein tristetraprolin inhibits Th2 cell activation and differentiation in allergic rhinitis by promoting TRIM18 mRNA decay

doi: 10.1016/j.jbc.2026.111240

Figure Lengend Snippet: TTP overexpression alleviated epithelial barrier dysfunction and nasal symptoms in AR mice. A , experimental scheme of RW-induced AR mice with or without TTP overexpression by intravenous injection of lentiviral vectors (Lv-NC or Lv-TTP). B , Relative RNA expressions of TTP mRNA in collected nasal tissues from control mice, AR mice, AR mice with Lv-NC infection, or AR mice with Lv-TTP infection. C and D , fluctuation in the number of sneezes and nasal rubbings after TTP overexpression in AR mice. E , The nasal irrigation solution samples: the level of Thymic Stromal Lymphopoietin (TSLP, pg/ml). F , the serum samples: the concentration of histamine level (μmol/L). G , hematoxylin and eosin (H&E)-stained nasal mucosa tissue sections, showing normal and swollen nasal mucosa epithelial tissues ( black arrows ) and statistics on the thickness of nasal mucosa (Scale bar = 100 μm). Dashed lines indicate the boundary between the epithelial layer and lamina propria. Data are shown as means ± SD (N = 6). One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used for statistical analysis of control mice, AR mice, and AR mice transduced with control vectors or TTP overexpression vectors.

Article Snippet: In NAL fluid, the level of Thymic Stromal Lymphopoietin (TSLP) was detected using a Mouse TSLP ELISA Kit (Multi-Science, Cat No.EK265, China).

Techniques: Over Expression, Injection, Control, Infection, Concentration Assay, Staining, Transduction

Journal: The Journal of Biological Chemistry

Article Title: RNA-binding protein tristetraprolin inhibits Th2 cell activation and differentiation in allergic rhinitis by promoting TRIM18 mRNA decay

doi: 10.1016/j.jbc.2026.111240

Figure Lengend Snippet: TTP suppressed T helper 2 (Th2)-type inflammation in AR mice. A , schematics of splenocytes isolation from AR-mice and the differentiation of splenic naive CD4+ T cells model in vitro . B , the levels of Interleukin (IL)-4, IL-5, and IL-13, which belong to the Th2 cytokine family, were measured by ELISA assays in the cell supernatant. The cell supernatant was collected from mononuclear cells of the spleen that had been treated with ionomycin and phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) for 6 h. C , after treatment with ionomycin, PMA, and GolgiPlug, the cells with the double stain of anti-CD4 and anti-IL-4-APC were detected by flow cytometry to analyze the percentage of Th2 cells. Data are shown as means ± SD (N = 3 or 6). One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used for statistical analysis of control mice, AR mice, and AR mice transduced with control vectors or TTP overexpression vectors.

Article Snippet: In NAL fluid, the level of Thymic Stromal Lymphopoietin (TSLP) was detected using a Mouse TSLP ELISA Kit (Multi-Science, Cat No.EK265, China).

Techniques: Isolation, In Vitro, Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay, Staining, Flow Cytometry, Control, Transduction, Over Expression

Journal: The Journal of Biological Chemistry

Article Title: RNA-binding protein tristetraprolin inhibits Th2 cell activation and differentiation in allergic rhinitis by promoting TRIM18 mRNA decay

doi: 10.1016/j.jbc.2026.111240

Figure Lengend Snippet: TTP overexpression inhibited Th2 differentiation in vitro . A , schematics of naive CD4+ isolation, activation, and Th2 differentiation. B , a representative flow cytometric plot and the percentage of Th2 cells was detected using flow cytometry. C , the protein and mRNA expression of TTP in CD4+ T cells. D , the protein and mRNA expression of TTP in Th2 cells after virus infection. E , the levels of IL-5 were detected using real-time PCR and ELISA, respectively, in Th2 cells after virus infection. F , the percentage of Th2 cells was detected using flow cytometry in Th2 cells after virus infection. Data are shown as means ± SD (N = 3). Student's t test and one-way ANOVA were used for statistical analysis.

Article Snippet: In NAL fluid, the level of Thymic Stromal Lymphopoietin (TSLP) was detected using a Mouse TSLP ELISA Kit (Multi-Science, Cat No.EK265, China).

Techniques: Over Expression, In Vitro, Isolation, Activation Assay, Flow Cytometry, Expressing, Virus, Infection, Real-time Polymerase Chain Reaction, Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay

Journal: The Journal of Biological Chemistry

Article Title: RNA-binding protein tristetraprolin inhibits Th2 cell activation and differentiation in allergic rhinitis by promoting TRIM18 mRNA decay

doi: 10.1016/j.jbc.2026.111240

Figure Lengend Snippet: The TTP protein acted as a negative regulator of TRIM18-mediated Th2-type inflammation by reducing TRIM18 mRNA stability. A , protein–protein interaction network of 16 potential substrates of E3 ubiquitin ligase TRIM18, constructed using the STRING database and supplemented with functional annotations via GO (Gene Ontology) pathway enrichment analyses, highlighting key biological processes and signaling pathways associated with these substrates. B and C , the qRT-PCR and ELISA were performed to detect the mRNA level and secreted protein concentration of IL-5, respectively, in naive CD4+ T cells or in vitro differentiated Th2 cells transfected with TRIM18 overexpression vector or empty vector. D , schematic diagram of the experimental workflow: Naive CD4+ T cells were induced to differentiate into Th2 cells under in vitro and were co-transfected with combinations of TTP overexpression vector, TRIM18 overexpression vector, or corresponding empty vectors. E , the mRNA level of TRIM18 in differentiated Th2 cells from the three groups (Control, TTP-OE, TTP+TRIM18-OE) was detected by qRT-PCR assays. F and G , The mRNA level and secreted protein concentration of IL-5 were measured by qRT-PCR and ELISA, respectively, in differentiated Th2 cells from the three groups (Control, TTP-OE, TTP+TRIM18-OE). H , flow cytometric analysis of the percentage of CD4+IL-4+ Th2 cells among the three groups after in vitro differentiation, and the proportion of double-positive cells was quantified to assess the impact of TTP and/or TRIM18 overexpression on Th2 cell differentiation. Data are shown as means ± SD (N = 3), One-way ANOVA was used for statistical analysis.

Article Snippet: In NAL fluid, the level of Thymic Stromal Lymphopoietin (TSLP) was detected using a Mouse TSLP ELISA Kit (Multi-Science, Cat No.EK265, China).

Techniques: Ubiquitin Proteomics, Construct, Functional Assay, Protein-Protein interactions, Quantitative RT-PCR, Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay, Protein Concentration, In Vitro, Transfection, Over Expression, Plasmid Preparation, Control, Cell Differentiation

Journal: Frontiers in Immunology

Article Title: Thymic stromal lymphopoietin promotes abdominal aortic aneurysm formation by regulating macrophage polarization

doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2026.1767913

Figure Lengend Snippet: The Expression and origin of TSLP in AAA. (A) Serum TSLP concentrations patients with AAA (n=632) compared with healthy controls (n=24,036) in UKB. (B) The schematic diagram is presented below for reference. 10-12-week- aged male mice received a PPE induction at day 0, with aortic sampling performed at day 14. (C) The comparison of TSLP mRNA expression in the aortas from the sham and AAA groups at day 14 (n=6 mice per group). (D) Temporal expression profile of TSLP mRNA in the murine aorta at indicated time points after AAA induction, compared to the baseline level (n=6 mice per group). (E-G) Representative immunofluorescence images of murine AAA sections stained for TSLP (red), cell-specific markers (green), and DAPI (blue). (E) Co-staining with CD45 (leukocyte marker). (F) Co-staining with vimentin (fibroblast marker). (G) Co-staining with α-SMA (smooth muscle cell marker) (n=4 mice per group). Data are presented as mean ± SEM. Scale bar: 50 μm. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001, **** p < 0.0001 (the Mann–Whitney U test was used in A, unpaired two-tailed Student’s t-test was used in C, and one-way ANOVA was used in D).

Article Snippet: Exogenous TSLP treatment: Recombinant mouse TSLP protein (HY- P70626 , MCE, USA) was administered via intraperitoneal injection starting on day 1 after PPE induction at a dose of 20 mg/kg, and then every other day thereafter.

Techniques: Expressing, Sampling, Comparison, Immunofluorescence, Staining, Marker, MANN-WHITNEY, Two Tailed Test

Journal: Frontiers in Immunology

Article Title: Thymic stromal lymphopoietin promotes abdominal aortic aneurysm formation by regulating macrophage polarization

doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2026.1767913

Figure Lengend Snippet: Genetic ablation of TSLP receptor attenuates experiment al AAA severity. (A) Schematic of the experimental design utilizing wildtype (WT) and Tslpr − / − mice in the PPE-induced AAA model. (B) Quantification of the maximum abdominal aortic diameter in WT and Tslpr − / − mice at day 14 post-PPE induction (n=5 mice per group). (C) Representative images of elastic Elastica Van Gieson (EVG) staining of aortic tissue. (D) Elastin degradation scores evaluated by EVG staining (n=5 mice per group). (E–J) Representative immunohistochemical staining and quantitative analysis of CD68 (E, F) , MMP2 (G, H) and MMP9 (I, J) expression in the aortic wall. Positive areas are presented as a percentage of the total area (n=5 mice per group). Scale bars: (A) 1mm; (C) 100 μm (top), 50 μm (bottom); (E, G, I) 500 μm (top), 40 μm (bottom). All quantitative data are presented as mean ± SEM. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001 (unpaired two-tailed Student’s t-test). Red arrows indicate representative positive staining areas.

Article Snippet: Exogenous TSLP treatment: Recombinant mouse TSLP protein (HY- P70626 , MCE, USA) was administered via intraperitoneal injection starting on day 1 after PPE induction at a dose of 20 mg/kg, and then every other day thereafter.

Techniques: Staining, Immunohistochemical staining, Expressing, Two Tailed Test

Journal: Frontiers in Immunology

Article Title: Thymic stromal lymphopoietin promotes abdominal aortic aneurysm formation by regulating macrophage polarization

doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2026.1767913

Figure Lengend Snippet: Therapeutic neutralization of TSLP protects against AAA development. (A) Schematic diagram of the experimental protocol for anti-mouse TSLP antibody (anti-TSLP) administration in the PPE-induced AAA model. (B) Comparison of the maximum abdominal aortic diameter in normal saline-treated and TSLP-treated mice at day 14 (n=6 mice per group). (C, D) Representative histological staining and corresponding quantification for Elastica Van Gieson (EVG) (n=6 mice per group). (E–J) Representative images and quantitative analysis of immunohistochemical staining for CD68 (E, F) , MMP2 (G, H) and MMP9 (I, J) expression in the aortic wall. Positive areas are presented as a percentage of the total area (n=6 mice per group). Scale bars: (A) 1mm; (C) 500 μm; (E, G, I) 200 μm (top), 50 μm (bottom). All quantitative data are presented as mean ± SEM. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001 (unpaired two-tailed Student’s t-test). Ctrl, control. Red arrows indicate representative positive staining areas.

Article Snippet: Exogenous TSLP treatment: Recombinant mouse TSLP protein (HY- P70626 , MCE, USA) was administered via intraperitoneal injection starting on day 1 after PPE induction at a dose of 20 mg/kg, and then every other day thereafter.

Techniques: Neutralization, Comparison, Saline, Staining, Immunohistochemical staining, Expressing, Two Tailed Test, Control

Journal: Frontiers in Immunology

Article Title: Thymic stromal lymphopoietin promotes abdominal aortic aneurysm formation by regulating macrophage polarization

doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2026.1767913

Figure Lengend Snippet: Exogenous TSLP administration aggravates AAA in mice. (A) Schematic diagram of the experimental protocol for recombinant TSLP administration in the PPE-induced AAA model. (B) Comparison of the maximum abdominal aortic diameter in normal saline-treated and TSLP-treated mice at day 14 (n=6 mice per group). (C, D) Representative histological staining and corresponding quantification for EVG (n=6 mice per group). (E–J) Representative images and quantitative analysis of immunohistochemical staining for CD68 (E, F) , MMP2 (G, H) and MMP9 (I, J) expression in the aortic wall. Positive areas are presented as a percentage of the total area (n=6 mice per group). Scale bars: (A) 1mm; (C) 500 μm; (E, G, I) 200 μm (top), 40 μm (bottom). All quantitative data presented as mean ± SEM. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001, ns, no significant difference (unpaired two-tailed Student’s t-test). Ctrl, control. Red arrows indicate representative positive staining areas.

Article Snippet: Exogenous TSLP treatment: Recombinant mouse TSLP protein (HY- P70626 , MCE, USA) was administered via intraperitoneal injection starting on day 1 after PPE induction at a dose of 20 mg/kg, and then every other day thereafter.

Techniques: Recombinant, Comparison, Saline, Staining, Immunohistochemical staining, Expressing, Two Tailed Test, Control

Journal: Frontiers in Immunology

Article Title: Thymic stromal lymphopoietin promotes abdominal aortic aneurysm formation by regulating macrophage polarization

doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2026.1767913

Figure Lengend Snippet: TSLP signaling regulates the immune microenvironment and macrophage polarization in AAA. (A, B) viSNE plots visualizing the high-dimensional CyTOF data, depicting the overall immune cell composition and the specific distribution of TSLP. (C) Quantitative analysis of the total macrophage frequency among CD11b + immune cells in the aortic tissues. (D, E) The ratio of M1 to M2 macrophages in the aortic tissues of WT and Tslpr − / − mice. (F) Gating strategy for M1 (CD86 + ) and M2 (CD206 + ) macrophages in RAW264.7 cells and BMDMs by flow cytometry. (G, H) Flow cytometry analysis and quantification of the percentages of M1 (CD86 + ) and M2 (CD206 + ) macrophages in RAW264.7 cells (G) and BMDMs (H) following polarization and TSLP treatment. (I) Proportions of M1 and M2 macrophages in PMA-differentiated THP-1 cells treated with or without TSLP. Cell stimulation conditions: M1 polarization control (Ctrl), 100ng/ml LPS + 20ng/ml IFN-γ for 24h; M1 polarization with TSLP (TSLP), 100ng/ml LPS + 20ng/ml IFN-γ+20ng/ml TSLP for 24h; M2 polarization control (Ctrl), 20ng/ml IL-4 for 24h; M2 polarization with TSLP (TSLP), 20ng/ml IL-4 + 20ng/ml TSLP for 24h (n=4–6 per group). Data are presented as mean ± SEM. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001 (unpaired two-tailed Student’s t-test). M1, M1 macrophages; M2, M2 macrophages; DCs, dendritic cells; NK cells, natural killer cells.

Article Snippet: Exogenous TSLP treatment: Recombinant mouse TSLP protein (HY- P70626 , MCE, USA) was administered via intraperitoneal injection starting on day 1 after PPE induction at a dose of 20 mg/kg, and then every other day thereafter.

Techniques: Flow Cytometry, Cell Stimulation, Control, Two Tailed Test

Journal: Frontiers in Immunology

Article Title: Thymic stromal lymphopoietin promotes abdominal aortic aneurysm formation by regulating macrophage polarization

doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2026.1767913

Figure Lengend Snippet: Transcriptomic profiling reveals TSLP-mediated activation of pro-inflammatory pathways in macrophages. RAW 264.7 was stimulated with 100ng/ml LPS + 20ng/ml IFN-γ+20ng/ml TSLP (TSLP group) or 100ng/ml LPS + 20ng/ml IFN-γ for 24h (Control group) and then subjected to RNA-sequencing. (A) Principal component analysis (PCA). (B) Clustering diagram of differentially expressed gene (DEG) pattern. (C) Volcano plot displays DEGs. (D, E) Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analyses of downregulated genes. Data are from n=4 samples per group.

Article Snippet: Exogenous TSLP treatment: Recombinant mouse TSLP protein (HY- P70626 , MCE, USA) was administered via intraperitoneal injection starting on day 1 after PPE induction at a dose of 20 mg/kg, and then every other day thereafter.

Techniques: Activation Assay, Control, RNA Sequencing

Journal: Frontiers in Immunology

Article Title: Thymic stromal lymphopoietin promotes abdominal aortic aneurysm formation by regulating macrophage polarization

doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2026.1767913

Figure Lengend Snippet: Therapeutic neutralization of TSLP protects against AAA development. (A) Schematic diagram of the experimental protocol for anti-mouse TSLP antibody (anti-TSLP) administration in the PPE-induced AAA model. (B) Comparison of the maximum abdominal aortic diameter in normal saline-treated and TSLP-treated mice at day 14 (n=6 mice per group). (C, D) Representative histological staining and corresponding quantification for Elastica Van Gieson (EVG) (n=6 mice per group). (E–J) Representative images and quantitative analysis of immunohistochemical staining for CD68 (E, F) , MMP2 (G, H) and MMP9 (I, J) expression in the aortic wall. Positive areas are presented as a percentage of the total area (n=6 mice per group). Scale bars: (A) 1mm; (C) 500 μm; (E, G, I) 200 μm (top), 50 μm (bottom). All quantitative data are presented as mean ± SEM. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001 (unpaired two-tailed Student’s t-test). Ctrl, control. Red arrows indicate representative positive staining areas.

Article Snippet: Anti-TSLP antibody treatment: Anti-TSLP antibody (HY-P990150, MCE, USA) was administered via intraperitoneal injection starting on day 1 after PPE induction at a dose of 20 mg/kg, and then every other day thereafter.

Techniques: Neutralization, Comparison, Saline, Staining, Immunohistochemical staining, Expressing, Two Tailed Test, Control